The historical development of aviation in the Republic of China (ROC) and its specialized air arm, the Republic of China Air Force (ROCAF), is defined by an early era of fragmented warlord air services, a unification during the war with Japan, and a modern focus on high-tech defense and indigenous innovation in Taiwan.

Early Origins and Fragmentation (1913–1937)

Chinese military aviation began in the early 20th century with several short-lived organizations:

• 1913–1914: The Airplane Corps of the Chinese Army was established as one of the earliest official aviation units.
• 1914–1925: Aviation remained fragmented, with various iterations such as the Chinese Army Air Arm and the Chinese Aviation Ministry. During this period, records are spotty because military aviation was often composed of the personal air arms of various warlords, some of whom were allied with the national government and some not.
• 1925: The Nationalist Chinese Air Force was formed by the Central Government under the Kuomintang (KMT).

World War II and Official Formation (1938–1945)

The service was formally unified and established as the Republic of China Air Force (ROCAF) in 1938. This period was dominated by the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. During the war, the ROCAF received significant support from foreign volunteers and allies to combat Japanese air superiority.

The Move to Taiwan and the Cold War (1949–1980s)

Following the retreat of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949, the ROCAF became a critical component of the island's defense.

• Expansion of Arms: The ROC Army created its first specialized aviation units in 1956, while the Naval Aviation Command was eventually established in its modern form in 1995.
• US Partnership: The Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 established a legal framework for the United States to provide Taiwan with "arms of a defensive character," which became the bedrock for ROCAF procurement.
• Cold War Fleet: By 1980, the ROCAF operated a large fleet of approximately 388 combat aircraft, featuring types like the F-104G Starfighter, F-5A/E Tiger II, and the F-100 Super Sabre.

Modernization and Indigenous Development (1990s–Present)

Facing increasing difficulty in acquiring high-end foreign platforms due to international political pressure, Taiwan shifted toward a mix of foreign procurement and indigenous production.

• The Three-Wing Strategy: In the 1990s, Taiwan inducted three major fighter types that still form the backbone of its air power: the American F-16A/B Fighting Falcon, the French Mirage 2000-5, and the indigenous F-CK-1 Ching-kuo (Indigenous Defense Fighter).
• F-16V Upgrade: A major milestone in the 2020s has been the "Viper" (V) upgrade program, which modernized the existing F-16 fleet with advanced AESA radars and avionics.
• Indigenous Trainer: Taiwan successfully developed and began fielding the T-5 Yung Ying (Brave Eagle) advanced jet trainer in the early 2020s to replace aging F-5 and AT-3 training assets.
• Submarine Program: In 2023, Taiwan unveiled its first domestically built diesel-powered submarine, the Narwhal, representing a significant leap in indigenous naval aviation and defense capability.

The Current Strategic Context (2020s)

Today, the ROCAF operates in a highly contested environment. Since 2022, there has been a record number of People's Liberation Army (PLA) aircraft incursions into Taiwan's Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ). To counter these "grey-zone" tactics, Taiwan has increased its defense budget significantly (by 21% in some recent cycles) and is investing heavily in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) like the MQ-9B Sea Guardian and asymmetric warfare capabilities.